Caste System In Nepal :-

Caste is rigid social system in which a social hierarchy is maintained generation after generation and allows little mobility out of the position to which a person is born. The term is often applied to the hierarchical hereditary divisions. The world caste was first used by 16^th-century Portuguese traders; it is derived from the Portuguese ‘casta’, denoting family strain, breed, or race. The Sanskrit word is jati. The Sanskrit term varna denoted a group of jati, or the system of caste.The traditional caste system developed more than 3000 years ago when Aryan-speaking nomadic group migrated from the north to Indian about 1500 Bc. The Aryan priests divided society into a basic caste system.

Aryan priest-lawmakers created the four grate hereditary divisions of socirty still surviving today, placing their own priestly class at the head of this case system with the title own priestly class at the head of this caste system with the title of earthly gods, or Brahmans. Next in order of rank were the warriors, the Kshatriyas. Then came the Vaisyas, the farmers and merchants. The fourth of the original caste was the Sudras, the laborers, born to be servants to the other three castes, especially the Brahman. Far lower than the Sundras-in fact, entirely outside the social order and limited to doing the most menial and unappealing tasks-were those people of no caste. Formerly known as Untouchables.

The four original castes have been subdivided again and again over many centuries, until today it is impossible to tell their exact number. Estimates range from 2000 to 3000 different castes established by Brahmanical law throughout Indian, each region having its own distinct groups defined by craft and fixed by custom.

In recent years considerable strides toward eradicating unjust social and economic aspects of the caste system as practiced in Nepal have been made through educational and reform movements. The drafted constitution of Nepal stated in a special clause under the heading “human rights”: Untouchability is abolished attempts to improve the status of members of the lowest caste, many of whom now prefer to be referred to as Dralits discrimination and exploitation is still common.

There have been various attempts to remove this thought of unsociability and preserve their rights. A lot of progress has been made in this regard after the democracy of 2046 BS. However, a lot more effort high-class citizen that there are only two castes male and female.

Ecosystem :-

Organisms living in a particular environment, such as a forest or a coral reef, and the physical parts of the environment that affect them are known as Ecosystem. The term ecosystem was coined in 1935 by the British ecologist Sir Arthur George Tinsley, who described natural systems in “constant interchange” among their living and nonliving parts.

Coral reefs represent the most complex aquatic ecosystem found on Earth. Wetlands are complex ecosystems that provide spawning and nursery grounds for saltwater and freshwater fish, habitat for more than half of the migratory birds in the United States, and plant both exotic and commonplace. In addition to providing plant and animal habitat, wetlands play a crucial role in flood control and water filtration.

The ecosystem concept fits into an ordered view of nature that was developed by scientists to simplify the study of the relationship between organisms and their physical environment, a field known as ecology. At the top of the hierarchy is the planet’s entire living environment, known as the biosphere. Within this biosphere are several large categories of living communities known as biomes that are usually characterized by their dominate vegetation, such as grasslands, tropical forests, or deserts. The biomes are in turn made up of ecosystems. The living, or biotic, parts of an ecosystem, such as the plants, animals, and bacteria found in soil, are known as a community. The physical surroundings, or biotic components, such as the minerals found in the soil, are known as the environment or habitat.

Producers, consumers, decomposers, and a biotic matter form an integrated, functioning whole driven by the Sun’s energy. The living portion of an ecosystem is best described in terms of feeding levels known as tropic levels. Green plants make up the first tropic level and are known as primary producers.

Plants are able to convert energy from the sun into food in a process known as photosynthesis. In the second tropic level, the primary consumers known as herbivores are animals and insects that obtain their energy solely by eating the green plants. Third tropic level is composed of the secondary consumers, flesh-eating or carnivorous animals that feed on herbivores. At the fourth level are the tertiary consumers, carnivores that feed on other carnivores. Finally, the fifth tropic level consists of the decomposers, organisms such as fungi and bacteria that break down dead or dying matter into nutrients that can be used again.

Some or all of these tropic levels combine to form what is known as a food web, the ecosystem’s mechanism for circulating and recycling energy and materials. For example, in an aquatic ecosystem algae and other aquatic plants use sunlight to produce energy in the form of carbohydrates. Primary consumers such as insects and small fish may feed on some of this plant matter, and are in turn eaten by secondary consumers, such as salmon. A brown bear may play the role of the tertiary consumer by catching and eating salmon. Bacteria and fungi may the feed upon and decompose the salmon carcass left behind by the bear, enabling the valuable nonliving components of the ecosystem, such as chemical nutrients, to leach back into the soil and water, where they can be absorbed by the roots of plants. In this way nutrients and the energy that green plants derive from sunlight are efficiently transferred and recycled throughout the ecosystem.

Governments and Some NGOs have begun to restore the proper chain of ecosystem. They have adopted studies and training upon it. Large amount of money and concentration is put in restoring ecosystem management. Ecosystem management often requires special measures to protect threatened or endangered species that ply key roles in the ecosystem.

The Himalayas:-

The Himalayans mountain system developed in a series of stages 30 to 50 million years ago. The Himalayan range was created from powerful earth movement that occurred as the Indian plate pressed against the Eurasian continental plate. The earth movements raised the deposits laid down in the ancient, shallow Tethys Sea to form the Himalayan ranges from Pakistan eastward across northern India, and from Nepal and Bhutan to the Myanmar border. Even today the mountains continue to develop and change, and earthquakes and tremors are frequent in the area.

Physically, the Himalayas forms three parallel zones; the Great Himalayas, the Middle Himalayas, and the Sub-Himalayas, which includes the Siwalik Range and foothills and the tarai and Duars piedmont. Each of these lateral divisions exhibits certain similar topographic features. The great Himalayas, the highest zone, consists of a huge line of snowy peaks with an average height exceeding 6100 m (20,000 ft). The width of this zone, composed largely but not entirely of gneiss and granite is about 24 km. Spurs from the Great Himalayas project southwards into the Middle Himalayas in an irregular fashion. The Nepal and Sikkim portion the Great Himalayas contains the greatest number of high peaks. The snow line on the southern slopes of the Great Himalayas varies from 4480 m in the eastern and central Himalayas of Nepal and Sikkim to 5180 m (17,000 ft) in the western Himalayas. To the north of the Great Himalayas are several ranges such as the Zaskar, Ladakh, and the Kailas. The Karakoram Range lies on the Tibetan side of the Great Himalayas.

The great Himalayan region is one of the few remaining isolated and inaccessible areas in the world today. Some high valleys in the Great Himalayas are occupied by small clustered settlements. Extremely cold winters and short growing season limit the farmers to one crop per year, most commonly potatoes or barley.

The Middle Himalayas range, which has a width of about 80 km, borders the great Himalaya range on the south. It consists principally of high ranges both within and outside of the great Himalayan range; some of the ranges of the Middle Himalayas are the Nag Tibba, the Dhaola Dhar, the Pir Panjal, and the Mahabharata. The Middle Himalayas possess a remarkable uniformity of height; most are between 1830 and 3050 m.

The Himalayas influences the climate of the Indian subcontinent by sheltering it from the cold air mass of Central Asia. The range also exerts a major influence on monsoon and rainfall patterns. Within the Himalayas climate varies depending on elevation and location. Climate ranges from subtropical in the southern foothills, with average summer temperatures of about 60 degree centigrade and average winter temperatures of about 18 degree centigrade. Warm temperate conditions in the Middle Himalayan valleys, with average summer temperatures of about 25 degree centigrade  and cooler winters; cool temperate conditions in the higher parts of the Middle Himalayas, where average summer temperature are 15 to 18 degree centigrade and winters are below freezing; to a cold and winters are severe. At elevations above 4880 m (16,000 ft the climate is very cold with below freezing temperatures and the area is permanently covered with snow and ice. The eastern part of the Himalayas receives heavy rainfall; the western part is drier.

Mount Everest:-

Mount Everest, the mountain peak in the Himalayas of northern Nepal is considered to be the highest mountain peak in the world. Mount Everest was known as Peak XV until 1856, when it was named for Sir George Everest, the surveyor general of India from 1830to 1843. Most Nepali people refer to the mountain as Sagarmatha, meaning “Forehead in the Sky.” Speakers of Tibetan language, including the Sherpa people of northern Nepal, refer to the mountain as Chomolungma, Tibetan for “Goddess Mother of the world.”

Mount Everest the highest mountain in the world, with a height of 8,848m (29,035ft), rises in the Himalayas on the frontier of Nepal and Tibet. Numerous group tried to reach the summit before the successful attempt by two members of a British expedition on May 29, 1953. Mount Everest is covered with huge glaciers that descend from the main peak and its nearby satellite peaks. The mountain itself is a pyramid-shaped horn, sculpted by the erosive power of the glacial ice into three massive faces and three major ridges, which soar to the summit from the north, south, and west and separate the glaciers.

The climate of Mount Everest is naturally extreme. In January, the coldest month, the summit temperature averages -36 degree centigrade and can drop as low as -60 degree centigrade. In July, the warmest month, the average summit temperature is -19 degree centigrade. At no time of the year does the temperature on the summit rise above freezing. From June through September the mountain is in the grip of the Indian monsoon, during which wind and precipitation blow in the form the Indian Ocean. Masses of clouds and violent snowstorms are common during this time.

Base Camp, which serves as a resting area and base of operation for climbers organizing their attempts for the summit, is located on the Khumbu glacier at an elevation of 5,400 m. It receives an average of 450 mm of precipitation a year.The South Col route for climbing Mount Everest was made popular by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, who, in 1953, became the first people to successfully climbs the mountain.

Traditionally, the people who live near mount Everest have revered the mountains of the Himalayas and imagined them as the homes of gods. Because the peaks were considered sacred, no local people scaled them before the early 1900s. However, when foreign expeditions brought tourist dollars and Western ideas to the area, people of the Sherpa ethic group began to serve as high-altitude porters for them. By the mid-1990s, 4,000 people had attempted to climb Everest-660 of them successfully reached the summit and more than 140 of them died trying.

The difficulties of climbing Mount Everest are legendary. Massive snow and ice avalanches are a constant threat to all expeditions. The avalanches thunder off the peaks repeatedly, sometimes burying valleys, glaciers, and climbing routes. Camps are chosen to avoid know avalanches paths. And climbers are chosen to avoid know avalanches paths, and climbers who make ascents through avalanches terrain try to cross at times when the weather is most appropriate. Hurricane force winds are a well-known hazard on Everest, and many people have been endangered or killed when their tents collapsed or were ripped to shreds by the gales.

As the popularity of climbing Everest has increased in recent years, so have safety problems. To pay the high climbing permit fee charged by the Nepalese government, many experienced climbers have recruited wealthy, amateur climbers as teammates. The combination of inexperience, crowded summit conditions (more than 30 have been known to summit the peak on the same day), and extreme weather condition has led to a number of tragedies in which clients and competent guides alike have died attempting the climb.

Empty bottles litter the ground on the South Col route to the summit of Mount Everest. According to some estimates, more than 50 tons of non-biodegradable trash was abandoned on the mountain between the 1950s and the mid-1990s.The large number of trekkers and climbers who visit Nepal and the Everest region contribute to the local economy but also cause serious environmental impact. Such impact includes the burning of wood for fuel, pollution in the form of human waste and trash, and abandoned climbing gear. Although some climbing gear is recycled by local residents either for their own use or for resale, it is estimated that more than 50 tons of plastic, glass, and metal were dumped between 1953 and mid-1990s in what has been called “the world’s highest junkyard.”

Efforts have been made to reduce the negative environmental impact on Mount Everest. The Nepalese government has been using a portion of climbing fees to clean up the area. In 1976, with aid from Sir Edmund Hillary’s Himalayan Trist and the Nepalese government, the Sagarmatha National Park was established to preserve the remaining soil and forest around Mount Everest. By the mid-1990s the park comprised 1,240 sq km (480 sq mi).

Cottage Industries In Nepal:-

Nepal is an old, developing country with its own artistic history. Nepal, being a poor and landlocked country, to set up many factories and industries for the employment of its people is just a dream. Many people are unemployed. It is therefore the important of cottage industries in our country can hardly be exaggerated.Men make many things out of natural things. They may be made on a small or a large scale. Artisans make these things at home on a small scale. It is called collage industry. A small amount is needed for these cottage industries.

There are different types of cottage industries found to have set up in Nepal. Weaving cloth or garment is the most common of all. The other important cottage industries are spinning, cloth printing, embroidering, carpet making, carpentry, carving in wood, stones and metal, pottery, making utensils, basket making, shoe making, making of tools of iron and steel, mat-making, doll making etc.

Although Nepal is a small country there are many hungry mouths here. Most of them live in villages. Most of them live on agriculture. Besides cultivators, there are many artisans. Thus, a large number of people earn their bread by these handicrafts. Few mills and factories can not meet all the necessities of the people. Hence, there is great need of these types of industries in Nepal.There is a great value of our handicraft products in the international markets. Many peoples living in tourist areas, depend upon handicraft products. Many foreigners coming to Nepal buy our handloom and ‘handicraft’ products. Our hand made carpet got a great value in the international market. The government has been encouraging these industries. Electricity is now supplying power to the village. This will be of great help to the artisans for using small machines.

However, there are still many problems faced by these industries. Many of them who intend to open up such industries lack finance. The procedure for taking loan from the bank is still very difficult. People who have no land or house are not give loan in lack of education and training facilities. So, they don’t have efficiency in the work. Besides, the means of transport has caused a very great hindrance. The market facilities for these products are still very poor.

However, in our five-year plans great important has been given to the improvement to economic condition of the villagers. These industries are given priorities. Artisans are given facilities to get training in different crafts. Banks have been making the procedures of leading loan comfortable. We therefore hope that the future of our cottage industries in our country is bright.

Wild Life In Nepal:-

Though Nepal is a relatively small country, the population of wildlife it harbors is fantastically large. With only 0.1% of th world’s total area. Nepal is home to over 4% of this planet’s are mammals and 8% of its bird species including many, which are globally endangered. To date, 181 mammal, 43 amphibian, 100 reptile, 185 fish, 844 bird, and 635 butterfly and moth species have been documented in Nepal. The spine babbler (bird) and “Jalkapuri” (fish) have yet to be found anywhere else in the world. Similarly, the Atlas moth and a crake species recorded here are by far the largest of all their counterparts ever to be found.

Diversity in landform breeds diversity in life, and Nepal is rich in both. In its firm commitment to preserve, His Majesty’s Government of Nepal has established within its territory 14 protected zones incorporating 14%(20,452 sq. km ) of its total surface area. These include the Royal Chitwan National Park. The Royal Bardiya National Park , the Annapurna conservation area, and the Sagarmatha the-Phoksundo, and Lantang National park. From tropical creatures like the hyena, to alpine animals like the snow leopard, beasts of all shapes and sizes have found this land suitable to their living. The one-honed Rhinoceros is one of the most adamant survivors of this planet. The grate one horned Rhinoceros found in Nepal weighs, around 2100 kg. and can reach 180 cm. at the shoulders when fully grown. It has poor eyesight but its sense of smell and hearing are formidable.

Up until the 60s, the number of rhinos in Nepal was only between 80 and 100. But with the establishment of the protected areas, it has risen to more than 450. The Royal Bengal Tiger often termed as the “King of the Jungle”, the tiger is one of the world’s most magnificent animals. The Royal Bengal Tiger is a rich-colored, well-striped creature with a short coat. It usually weighs between 150 and 250 kg and can reach up to 300cm in length.

The Royal Chitwan national Park is the place, which harbours most of Nepal’s 250 tigers. Other protected areas where they can be sighted are: Royal Suklaphanta wildlife reserve. The snow leopard has its dwelling in the snow covered Himalayans. In Nepal, their habitat extends to 36,640 sq. km in the high altitudes among rocks and cliff-, above the tree line more than 3,500 m above the sea-leavel. The Gangetic dolphin, so named for their habitation in the gangetic waters, is a recent discovery in Nepal. The female species are larger than the males and they can reach up to 200 cm in length. They are no gregarious by nature. The Gangetic dolphins abound mostly in the Koshi, Narayani, Gandaki and Karnali rivers.

The gharial crocodile is one of the most prominent reptile varieties so far found in Nepal. In Nepal, they abound mostly in the royal Chitwan Nation Park, where one can even observe reproduction of gharials in breeding farm. The wild boar is distinctive for its hard tusks, sparse coat and flute crest or mane of black bristle reaching 90 cm and its weight may well exceed 230kg.These tusked animals abound mostly in the Royal Chitwan national Park, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Royal Bardiya National Park and Parsa Wild life reserve

Child Labour In Nepal :-

The problems of child-labour in the developing countries like Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Shree Lanka have become a burning question of today. IN India alone there are over 100 million children employed in different work. However, Nepal also has no exception to this problem. Over half a million children are also being employed in Nepal.

It is an issue of subsistence that forces the children to take up menial jobs and give up their studies at an early stage of life. The parents of the poor children find it hard to continue their education and send their children to earn something and assist the family by all means. The parents of the child laboures face great difficulties to bring up their children and as a result, sent their children to earn their livelihood. These children are really unfortunate as they are forced to take up jobs for food. The children while doing the jobs send money to their parents. In tea stalls, sweet shops, in transportation such as porters and handy boy in tempos, they are mainly engaged. Many of the times, still very commonly they are employed in rich man’s houses as servants. A grate number of them are engaged in carpet making trade, tending of cows etc.

This inhuman trade can not be stopped unless a sever law is passed. Compulsory Primary Education would be of much use in this regard. However, the poor parents will not prefer to send their children to schools in fear of loss of income. Children are also engaged in small trade like shoe polishing. The problem of child labour can not be up rooted unless their parents are conscious and aware of their children. In fact these child labours die at an early stage as they do not get enough food and medicine for their survival. The child labour being very cheap they are employed by the greedy traders.

The exploitation goes on because poverty is the root behind all these. Time has come when nation should rise against such evil practice and pass suitable laws for the protection of the children.

Nepal’s Population Problem:-

Population in recent years is continuously multiplying in the world. This is a burning question to the developing country like ours. The problem of over-population has created a big hindrance in the path of development. Every year thousand of mouths are added to this piece of land.

There are different factors for the cause of this multiplicity. The most serious cause is no education. Majority of people are uneducated and they are very unaware of the bad effects of population. The second factor is poverty. More than 50% of our people are under poverty. Their only source of income is their hands. These people, due to lack of education and poverty think that if they have more children, they can send them for work and run their family’s livelihood. The other most serious factors for this rapid growth is religious and social conventions. Old and uneducated people think that children are the blessing of god and they don’t like to stop producing children.

Moreover, thinking that a boy is the successor of the family they keep on trying for son even if they have huge number of daughters already. Besides, dowry system in the plains have enhanced evil thinking in the minds of people that if they have more sons more wealth enters their houses as dowries during the marriage.

Besides all this, the other reasons for the growth of the population are the invention of medicines. Some decades ago, the child death rate was very high but now due to medical care and medicines the infants’ death rate has been minimized.

The problem of over-population has caused serious disturbances in every field. They cut down trees to make rooms and the environment has lost its luster. More of the country’s money is spent in their health care, schools and other basic items. The over population has also created pollution problem. People die before their actual death due to lack of food, proper sanitation and other basic requirements.

The country is trying to produce more employment opportunities but the rate of growth of population is several times more than this. So, many of them are left unemployed.

Many NGOs and Ingo’s are at continuous work to reduce over growth of the population. They have all been struggling a fruitless fight because unless the people are educated it is very difficult to break the social conventions about family growth and make the people understand about the evils of over population. It is therefore our first and serious effort should be to make people educated and thereby making them understand, the evils of over population.

Gautam Buddha (Biography)

Gautam Buddha is now regarded as light of Asia. Though he was born than two thousand years ago his preaching are still very much popular all over the world. He is a symbol of peace and knowledge. He is the founder of Buddhism which is a popular religion of the world.

Gautam Buddha’s real name was Siddhartha. He was the son of king Suddhodana and queen Mayadevi. His mother died soon after his birth. He was brought up very comfortably by his father. He was lovingly cared by his stepmother. Siddhartha was very kind-hearted from his early childhood. He was very helpful. As a child he was very clever and wise. His father taught him politics. King had thought of handing over his royal responsibilities to him. But all these things wouldn’t interest him. When the time came he was married to Yasodhara Devi In due course of time they had a baby boy, Rahul.

One day he went out to look around the town. He was moved in wonder when he saw an old man, diseased man and a dead man. He got the knowledge of this natural happening by the charioteer. He kept wondering why these things happen in man’s life. He wanted to free man of these worldly sorrows. Thus, Siddhartha one night left his princely life and set out alone from his palace in search of truth about life.

He had to face a lot of hardship. He never gave up with his sufferings. He continued his effort towards achieving his goal. One day a full moon day of Baisakh month he was said to have attained supreme knowledge. Since then he was supreme Buddha.

Buddha went on preaching these lessons at different palaces. He died in Kushinagar at the age of 80. It was a wonderful coincidence that was born , enlightened and expired on the full moon day of Baisakh.

General introduction of Nature:-

Nature is the greatgift of the god for the world without nature there is impossible of livingthings, all things can get from the nature without them we can not live. Naturehelps in the development of the nation .In nature there is altos of natural resourceslike river, lakes, forests, mountains, mines, and so on .The country can easilydeveloped by using the natural resources . Nature is the strongly backthe economy of the country .When the economy of the country becomes strong,rest of the things become automatically adjustable and fit for socio-politiesdevelopment. By using the natural resources people can earn strongeconomic base.Nation also can getthe economic base by using nature of the nation when the nation provide allinformation about natural resources then the tourism industry candeveloped and directly help in the development of the nation. Therefor weshould shave our nature and keep healthy we are really lucky because we getthats type of nature so safe it in every step